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Dosage and Safety. The Bottom Line. Read this next. Article Google Scholar. Adipocyte membrane glycerol permeability is involved in the anti-adipogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid. Nutritional supplementation with trans, cisconjugated linoleic acid induces inflammation of white adipose tissue. Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int J Obes. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on animal metabolism: advances in research and perspectives for the future: [review].
A proof of principle clinical trial to determine whether conjugated linoleic acid modulates the lipogenic pathway in human breast cancer tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Oleic acid attenuates trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammatory gene expression in human adipocytes. Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells.
Lipids Health Dis. Prognostic and biological significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in luminal breast cancer. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARgamma : molecular study in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and therapeutic approach. Arch Endocrinol Metabol. Google Scholar. Influence of aerobic physical training in the motochondrial transport of long chain fatty acids in the skeletal muscle: role of the carnitine palmitoil transferase.
Brazilian journal of sports medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta. Toda C, Diano S. Mitochondrial UCP2 in the central regulation of metabolism.
Miglitol increases energy expenditure by upregulating uncoupling protein 1 of brown adipose tissue and reduces obesity in dietary-induced obese mice. Nutr Metab Lond. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and energy metabolism. Front Physiol. Antiobesity mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem. Expression of uncoupling protein 1 in mouse brown adipose tissue is thyroid hormone receptor-beta isoform specific and required for adaptive thermogenesis.
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass and affects gene expression of proteins regulating energy metabolism in mice. Effect of the supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid CLA and the loss of weight in animals and human beings. PLoS One. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid CLA on human lipid profile. Arch Latinoam Nutr. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by dietary conjugated linoleic acid.
Eur J Pharmacol. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in atherosclerotic patients. ARYA Atheroscler. The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal. Eur J Nutr. Subcutaneous and segmental fat loss with and without supportive supplements in conjunction with a low-calorie high protein diet in healthy women. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin E on glycemic control, body composition, and inflammatory markers in overweight type2 diabetics.
J Diabetes Metab Disord. Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The efficacy of long-term conjugated linoleic acid CLA supplementation on body composition in overweight and obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid CLA in a weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male volunteers.
J Oleo Sci. J Lipid Res. Conjugated linoleic acid CLA and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors. Inflammation and insulin resistance induced by trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid depend on intracellular calcium levels in primary cultures of human adipocytes.
Conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes are attenuated by resveratrol. Supplementation with a 9c,11 t-rich conjugated linoleic acid blend shows no clear inhibitory effects on platelet function in healthy subjects at low and moderate cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled trial.
Mol Nutr Food Res. Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res. CLA supplementation and aerobic exercise lower blood triacylglycerol, but have no effect on peak oxygen uptake or cardiorespiratory fatigue thresholds. Effect of conjugated linoleic Acid, vitamin E, alone or combined on immunity and inflammatory parameters in adults with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.
Int J Prev Med. The effect of conjugated linoleic acids and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on lipid profile in atherosclerosis. Adv Biomed Res. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes in rectal cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther.
Intake of butter naturally enriched with cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid reduces systemic inflammatory mediators in healthy young adults. Microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid associated with hypocaloric diet reduces body fat in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome.
Vasc Health Risk Manag. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation and exercise on post-heparin lipoprotein lipase, butyrylcholinesterase, blood lipid profile and glucose metabolism in young men. Chem Biol Interact. Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on weight control and body composition in healthy overweight people. Nutr Hosp. PubMed Google Scholar. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid, a natural trans fat from milk and meat, on human blood pressure: results from a randomized crossover feeding study.
J Hum Hypertens. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men.
Evaluation of the antiobesity effects of an amino acid mixture and conjugated linoleic acid on exercising healthy overweight humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Med Res. Effect of a high intake of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoprotein levels in healthy human subjects. Dietary supplementation with cis-9, trans conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adults. The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese.
Int J Obes Lond. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Alexandre Machado Lehnen. Each author has made a valuable contribution to the preparation of this manuscript: TEL was involved in conception and design of the paper, as well as drafting and editing the final document for publication.
MRC and AC were equally involved in the collection of articles involving CLA, as well as drafting and editing the final document for publication. AM was involved in reviewing all parts of the final document for publication, in particular on nutritional issues. AML was involved in conception and design of the study, articles analysis, as well as writing, drafting and editing the final document for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Figure 1: Linoleic Acid Structure. Importantly, both are essential fatty acids, which means the body of humans and animals cannot synthesize these essential fatty acids. Therefore, they must ingest by them through the diet. Generally, linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid with a hydrocarbon chain of 18 carbon atoms n Here, this hydrocarbon chain has two double bonds and two single bonds, separating the double bonds.
Also, few linoleic acids occur in food as free fatty acids. For instance, some sources of linoleic acids include nuts and fatty seeds like poppy, sesame, hemp, and flax seeds.
Furthermore, linoleic acid serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid, which has connections to various other biochemical pathways. Also, linoleic acid occurs in the lipids of the cell membrane.
In the meanwhile, alpha-linoleic acid n-3 is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid with a hydrocarbon chain of 18 carbons. Also, it contains three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.
Besides, it occurs in many seeds such as flaxseed, walnuts, chia, and hemp and oils such as many common vegetable oils.
Conjugated linoleic acid CLA is an isoform of linoleic acid, mainly found in the meat and dairy products of ruminants. As same as in linoleic acid, it also contains two double bonds. But, they are conjugated double bonds since only one single bond separate these bonds.
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